Entry of viruses into host cells to establish infection is a highly coordinated process. The molecular and chemical details of this process are relatively clear for enveloped viruses, such as ...

In the chemical industry, accurate pH measurement is fundamental to safe operations, product quality, regulatory compliance, and process optimization. pH ...

(Nanowerk Spotlight) Inside a wound, a complex chemical battle unfolds. As healing progresses, the wound environment shifts between acidic and basic states, each change signaling different stages of ...

The pH of the culture medium is a critical process parameter in cell culture bioprocesses. To successfully transfer processes between bioprocess systems and sites (i.e., in the course of process ...