More than 90% of drugs that appear safe and effective in animal studies ultimately fail once they reach human trials, and the consequences are staggering: billions of dollars wasted, delays in new ...
Background While the incidence of hospital adverse events appeared to be declining before 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic may ...
Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...
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